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# A. Language Codes

The ISO 639 standard defines two-letter codes for many languages, and three-letter codes for more rarely used languages. All abbreviations for languages used in the Translation Project should come from this standard.

## A.1 Usual Language Codes

For the commonly used languages, the ISO 639-1 standard defines two-letter codes.

‘`aa`’

  Afar.

‘`ab`’

  Abkhazian.

‘`ae`’

  Avestan.

‘`af`’

  Afrikaans.

‘`ak`’

  Akan.

‘`am`’

  Amharic.

‘`an`’

  Aragonese.

‘`ar`’

  Arabic.

‘`as`’

  Assamese.

‘`av`’

  Avaric.

‘`ay`’

  Aymara.

‘`az`’

  Azerbaijani.

‘`ba`’

  Bashkir.

‘`be`’

  Belarusian.

‘`bg`’

  Bulgarian.

‘`bh`’

  Bihari languages.

‘`bi`’

  Bislama.

‘`bm`’

  Bambara.

‘`bn`’

  Bengali.

‘`bo`’

  Tibetan.

‘`br`’

  Breton.

‘`bs`’

  Bosnian.

‘`ca`’

  Catalan; Valencian.

‘`ce`’

  Chechen.

‘`ch`’

  Chamorro.

‘`co`’

  Corsican.

‘`cr`’

  Cree.

‘`cs`’

  Czech.

‘`cu`’

  Church Slavic; Old Slavonic; Church Slavonic; Old Bulgarian; Old Church Slavonic.

‘`cv`’

  Chuvash.

‘`cy`’

  Welsh.

‘`da`’

  Danish.

‘`de`’

  German.

‘`dv`’

  Divehi; Dhivehi; Maldivian.

‘`dz`’

  Dzongkha.

‘`ee`’

  Ewe.

‘`el`’

  Greek, Modern (1453-).

‘`en`’

  English.

‘`eo`’

  Esperanto.

‘`es`’

  Spanish; Castilian.

‘`et`’

  Estonian.

‘`eu`’

  Basque.

‘`fa`’

  Persian.

‘`ff`’

  Fulah.

‘`fi`’

  Finnish.

‘`fj`’

  Fijian.

‘`fo`’

  Faroese.

‘`fr`’

  French.

‘`fy`’

  Western Frisian.

‘`ga`’

  Irish.

‘`gd`’

  Gaelic; Scottish Gaelic.

‘`gl`’

  Galician.

‘`gn`’

  Guarani.

‘`gu`’

  Gujarati.

‘`gv`’

  Manx.

‘`ha`’

  Hausa.

‘`he`’

  Hebrew.

‘`hi`’

  Hindi.

‘`ho`’

  Hiri Motu.

‘`hr`’

  Croatian.

‘`ht`’

  Haitian; Haitian Creole.

‘`hu`’

  Hungarian.

‘`hy`’

  Armenian.

‘`hz`’

  Herero.

‘`ia`’

  Interlingua (International Auxiliary Language Association).

‘`id`’

  Indonesian.

‘`ie`’

  Interlingue; Occidental.

‘`ig`’

  Igbo.

‘`ii`’

  Sichuan Yi; Nuosu.

‘`ik`’

  Inupiak.

‘`io`’

  Ido.

‘`is`’

  Icelandic.

‘`it`’

  Italian.

‘`iu`’

  Inuktitut.

‘`ja`’

  Japanese.

‘`jv`’

  Javanese.

‘`ka`’

  Georgian.

‘`kg`’

  Kongo.

‘`ki`’

  Kikuyu; Gikuyu.

‘`kj`’

  Kuanyama; Kwanyama.

‘`kk`’

  Kazakh.

‘`kl`’

  Kalaallisut; Greenlandic.

‘`km`’

  Central Khmer.

‘`kn`’

  Kannada.

‘`ko`’

  Korean.

‘`kr`’

  Kanuri.

‘`ks`’

  Kashmiri.

‘`ku`’

  Kurdish.

‘`kv`’

  Komi.

‘`kw`’

  Cornish.

‘`ky`’

  Kirghiz; Kyrgyz.

‘`la`’

  Latin.

‘`lb`’

  Luxembourgish; Letzeburgesch.

‘`lg`’

  Ganda.

‘`li`’

  Limburgan; Limburger; Limburgish.

‘`ln`’

  Lingala.

‘`lo`’

  Lao.

‘`lt`’

  Lithuanian.

‘`lu`’

  Luba-Katanga.

‘`lv`’

  Latvian.

‘`mg`’

  Malagasy.

‘`mh`’

  Marshallese.

‘`mi`’

  Maori.

‘`mk`’

  Macedonian.

‘`ml`’

  Malayalam.

‘`mn`’

  Mongolian.

‘`mr`’

  Marathi.

‘`ms`’

  Malay.

‘`mt`’

  Maltese.

‘`my`’

  Burmese.

‘`na`’

  Nauru.

‘`nb`’

  Bokmål, Norwegian; Norwegian Bokmål.

‘`nd`’

  Ndebele, North; North Ndebele.

‘`ne`’

  Nepali.

‘`ng`’

  Ndonga.

‘`nl`’

  Dutch; Flemish.

‘`nn`’

  Norwegian Nynorsk; Nynorsk, Norwegian.

‘`no`’

  Norwegian.

‘`nr`’

  Ndebele, South; South Ndebele.

‘`nv`’

  Navajo; Navaho.

‘`ny`’

  Chichewa; Nyanja.

‘`oc`’

  Occitan (post 1500); Provençal.

‘`oj`’

  Ojibwa.

‘`om`’

  Oromo.

‘`or`’

  Oriya.

‘`os`’

  Ossetian; Ossetic.

‘`pa`’

  Panjabi; Punjabi.

‘`pi`’

  Pali.

‘`pl`’

  Polish.

‘`ps`’

  Pushto; Pashto.

‘`pt`’

  Portuguese.

‘`qu`’

  Quechua.

‘`rm`’

  Romansh.

‘`rn`’

  Rundi.

‘`ro`’

  Romanian; Moldavian; Moldovan.

‘`ru`’

  Russian.

‘`rw`’

  Kinyarwanda.

‘`sa`’

  Sanskrit.

‘`sc`’

  Sardinian.

‘`sd`’

  Sindhi.

‘`se`’

  Northern Sami.

‘`sg`’

  Sango.

‘`si`’

  Sinhala; Sinhalese.

‘`sk`’

  Slovak.

‘`sl`’

  Slovenian.

‘`sm`’

  Samoan.

‘`sn`’

  Shona.

‘`so`’

  Somali.

‘`sq`’

  Albanian.

‘`sr`’

  Serbian.

‘`ss`’

  Swati.

‘`st`’

  Sotho, Southern.

‘`su`’

  Sundanese.

‘`sv`’

  Swedish.

‘`sw`’

  Swahili.

‘`ta`’

  Tamil.

‘`te`’

  Telugu.

‘`tg`’

  Tajik.

‘`th`’

  Thai.

‘`ti`’

  Tigrinya.

‘`tk`’

  Turkmen.

‘`tl`’

  Tagalog.

‘`tn`’

  Tswana.

‘`to`’

  Tonga (Tonga Islands).

‘`tr`’

  Turkish.

‘`ts`’

  Tsonga.

‘`tt`’

  Tatar.

‘`tw`’

  Twi.

‘`ty`’

  Tahitian.

‘`ug`’

  Uighur; Uyghur.

‘`uk`’

  Ukrainian.

‘`ur`’

  Urdu.

‘`uz`’

  Uzbek.

‘`ve`’

  Venda.

‘`vi`’

  Vietnamese.

‘`vo`’

  Volapük.

‘`wa`’

  Walloon.

‘`wo`’

  Wolof.

‘`xh`’

  Xhosa.

‘`yi`’

  Yiddish.

‘`yo`’

  Yoruba.

‘`za`’

  Zhuang; Chuang.

‘`zh`’

  Chinese.

‘`zu`’

  Zulu.

## A.2 Rare Language Codes

For rarely used languages, the ISO 639-2 standard defines three-letter codes. Here is the current list, reduced to only living languages with at least one million of speakers.

‘`ace`’

  Achinese.

‘`awa`’

  Awadhi.

‘`bal`’

  Baluchi.

‘`ban`’

  Balinese.

‘`bej`’

  Beja; Bedawiyet.

‘`bem`’

  Bemba.

‘`bho`’

  Bhojpuri.

‘`bik`’

  Bikol.

‘`bin`’

  Bini; Edo.

‘`bug`’

  Buginese.

‘`ceb`’

  Cebuano.

‘`din`’

  Dinka.

‘`doi`’

  Dogri.

‘`fil`’

  Filipino; Pilipino.

‘`fon`’

  Fon.

‘`gon`’

  Gondi.

‘`gsw`’

  Swiss German; Alemannic; Alsatian.

‘`hil`’

  Hiligaynon.

‘`hmn`’

  Hmong.

‘`ilo`’

  Iloko.

‘`kab`’

  Kabyle.

‘`kam`’

  Kamba.

‘`kbd`’

  Kabardian.

‘`kmb`’

  Kimbundu.

‘`kok`’

  Konkani.

‘`kru`’

  Kurukh.

‘`lua`’

  Luba-Lulua.

‘`luo`’

  Luo (Kenya and Tanzania).

‘`mad`’

  Madurese.

‘`mag`’

  Magahi.

‘`mai`’

  Maithili.

‘`mak`’

  Makasar.

‘`man`’

  Mandingo.

‘`men`’

  Mende.

‘`min`’

  Minangkabau.

‘`mni`’

  Manipuri.

‘`mos`’

  Mossi.

‘`mwr`’

  Marwari.

‘`nap`’

  Neapolitan.

‘`nso`’

  Pedi; Sepedi; Northern Sotho.

‘`nym`’

  Nyamwezi.

‘`nyn`’

  Nyankole.

‘`pag`’

  Pangasinan.

‘`pam`’

  Pampanga; Kapampangan.

‘`raj`’

  Rajasthani.

‘`sas`’

  Sasak.

‘`sat`’

  Santali.

‘`scn`’

  Sicilian.

‘`shn`’

  Shan.

‘`sid`’

  Sidamo.

‘`srr`’

  Serer.

‘`suk`’

  Sukuma.

‘`sus`’

  Susu.

‘`tem`’

  Timne.

‘`tiv`’

  Tiv.

‘`tum`’

  Tumbuka.

‘`umb`’

  Umbundu.

‘`wal`’

  Walamo.

‘`war`’

  Waray.

‘`yao`’

  Yao.

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